Taking even slightly too much Tylenol over a period of several days can lead to an overdose with deadly consequences, a new study says.
The study looked at what are called “staggered overdoses,” in which a person repeatedly exceeds the daily recommendation through small overdoses. This is in contrast to the more familiar single overdose, when a person takes too many pills at once.
In the study, staggered overdoses of acetaminophen (which is found in Tylenol and other pain releivers) were more deadly than single overdoses, even though people who experienced staggered overdoses typically took smaller total amounts of acetaminophen than those who experienced a single overdose.
Doctors may not identify staggered overdoses right away, researchers added. People with a staggered overdose may have levels of the drug in their blood below what a standard blood test would indicate as an overdose, even when their liver is badly damaged.
People taking acetaminophen should stay within the recommended limits of the drug and take even less of it when they are on other painkillers, said study researcher Kenneth Simpson of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. The researchers defined an overdose as taking more than 4,000 milligrams of acetaminophen in a 24 hour period. The Food and Drug Administration also sets the maximum dose at 4,000 milligrams.
And, Simpson said, doctors should realize the criteria used to identify overdose patients do not work as well for staggered overdoses.
The study was published online today (Nov. 22) in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
Staggered overdose
Simpson and colleagues examined information from 663 patients with liver problems caused by acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) who were admitted to an Edinburgh hospital between 1992 and 2008.
The researchers found that nearly a quarter of them (161 patients) had taken staggered overdoses.
On average, staggered overdose patients took 24 grams of acetaminophen, typically over several days. Single-overdose patients consumed 27 grams at once, or six times the recommended dose for a whole day.
A total of 60 patients died from a staggered overdose, and 140 patients from a single overdose. This equates to a mortality rate of 37.3 percent among the staggered overdose group, and 27.8 percent in the single overdose group. Staggered overdose patients also were more likely to have liver and brain problems, require kidney dialysis and need help with breathing.
At least 46 of the patients who experienced a staggered overdose were attempting to commit suicide, according to the study. Simpson said that 98 percent of cases of single overdoses were suicide attempts.
Close to 60 percent of the staggered overdose group said they had taken the drug to relieve pain, including abdominal or muscular pains, headache or toothache.
During a staggered overdose, the drug likely builds up in the liver and kills the cells, Simpson said.
Staggered overdose patients may have fared less well because they did not receive the appropriate treatment soon enough, or because they had been drinking alcohol along with acetaminophen, he said.
Easy overdose
The new study “sheds light on the fact that the maximum recommended daily dose should be strictly adhered to,” said Dr. Joshua Lenchus, an associate professor of clinical medicine at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
Acetaminophen also appears in combination with other drugs in certain prescription products. In January the Food and Drug Administration asked all manufacturers of acetaminophen to lower the dose in a single tablet to 325 mg. Even at this dose, people who take two tablets every four hours for 24 hours come close to the 4,000 mg limit. (Packets of regular Tylenol pills, which contain 325 mg, say: “Do not take more than 12 tablets in 24 hours.”)
“It’s pretty easy for people to take just a couple of tablets every four hours,” Lenchus said.
Doctors need to consider the possibility of overdoses when patients come to the hospital after taking acetaminophen, even if the patients have not obviously taken many pills at once, Lenchus said.
Pass it on: To prevent a staggered overdose, don’t take more than the recommended daily dose of acetaminophen.
Editor’s note: This article has been updated to correct an error – the article originally incorrectly stated the maximum dose of regular Tylenol. The correct maximum dose for adults taking 325 milligram tablets is 12 tablets in 24 hours.
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